The Years of Chancellors Dollfuss and Schuschnigg’s authoritarian governments (1933/34-1938) have been denounced as “Austrofascism” from the left, or defended as a Christian corporate State (“Ständestaat”) from the right. Austria was in a desperate struggle go maintain its national independence vis-à-vis Hitler’s Germany. In the end, the Nazis invaded and annexed Austria (“Anschluss”). The essays in this volume stay away from these heated historiographical debates and look at economic, domestic, and international politics sine ira et studio.